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rays of a patient with an ankylosed lumbar spine and no pelvic mobility. Part A shows a lateral view of the lumbar spine with vertebral bodies. Part B shows the lateral view of the sacrum and coccyx in a sitting position with soft tissue outlines and bony structures with

alpha angle. Three-dimensional imaging with computed tomography (CT) can better measure femoral morphology and define patterns of acetabular orientation and deficiency. Risks of Page 206radiation exposure from CT scans have decreased with improved technology and low-dose CT protocols, which have radiation

ray tubes, demonstrating that atoms are not, in fact, indivisible. He proposed the "plum pudding" model: electrons embedded in a diffuse positive charge. **Ernest Rutherford** (1911) overturned the plum pudding model with his famous gold foil experiment. When alpha

ray technique and the standardized application of marker balls to instruct the software on the images’ magnification. Most templating software will produce a printout that can either be uploaded directly to the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) or saved for use in preoperative planning. • Fig. 18.1 Example