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Chronic alcohol or other substance use disorders Dysphagia and esophageal motility disorders Diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled) Malabsorption diseases Morbid obesity with rapid weight loss, including post–bariatric surgery Prolonged fasting or a period with little to no nutrition Postoperative recovery Severe malnutrition When a carbohydrate source

chronic, negative mental health outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Nadal, Issa, et al., 2011; Nadal, Yong, et al., 2011). Quantitative studies have found that heterosexist microaggressions were predictors of psychological distress (Woodford, Kulick, Sinco, & Hong, 2014); lower self-esteem

pain or serum lipase levels with EN, infected pancreatic phlegmon or pseudocyst, complex pancreatic fistula, or abdominal compartment syndrome Chylous fistula Increased output with low-fat diet or elemental formula Perioperative status Severely malnourished adults with a nonfunctional gastrointestinal tract for 7 to 10 days

chronic pain, among older adults there is a 40 percent

chronic elevation of liver enzymes and serum bilirubin.2 Some researchers have found that while a substantial number of patients receiving long-term PN experience abnormal liver function tests, most of these individuals do not go on to develop PNALD.3 Others have found that approximately

pain, shortness of breath, or loss of consciousness Clamp catheter. Lie on left side. Call 911. Pump malfunction Check electrical source and/or battery. Call the home infusion pharmacy for troubleshooting or replacement. Elevated glucose in urine or blood Call the home nutrition support provider