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chronic pain syndromes. Effective pain

chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and/or history of multiple dislocations

Pain in OA is described as intermittent and chronic. This

pain relief, and early studies have shown that it can be effective in slowing the progression of ONFH.76 One study demonstrated that a small number of patients with ONFH reported improved functional outcomes at 2 years after treatment with shockwave therapy, compared with core decompression

painful TKA should be considered infected until proven otherwise, given the increased risk for morbidity and mortality that the diagnosis of PJI poses.17 As stated earlier, the first step in evaluation is obtaining basic laboratory studies, including ESR and CRP.17 If these studies are elevated

chronicity of symptoms, and radiographic findings when assessing the underlying cause of knee and hip arthritis in patients. Fig. 4.6 summarizes key differences between inflammatory and degenerative arthritis. • Fig. 4.5Females may present with hip pain

Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain

pain and dysfunction.22,28,30 Gait should be observed during the initial exam. A patient with an antalgic gait will use short steps to minimize motion at the hip joint and time spent on the affected limb.22 Trendelenburg gait—most commonly seen following a Hardinge

pain management, age, race, and ethnicity have all been associated with differences in perceived well-being and overall satisfaction after TJA.13-17 More specifically, female sex, increased BMI, younger age at time of TJA (less than 60 years old), chronic

chronic pain, depression and anxiety, and hepatic function (specifically the presence