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cell receptors.4,19 Others have examined the role of the two X chromosomes in females. Multiple theories have been discussed, including skewed X chromosome inactivation or the reactivation of inactivated X chromosome causing overexpression as causes of increased prevalence of ADs in females.20-22 Certain subgroups

cells then secrete proinflammatory molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β, leading to osteoclast stimulation and osteoblast inhibition.83 Revision planning and techniques Evaluation of bone loss The wide range and variability of acetabular and femoral bone quality and bone loss

surface and > 4 mm of depression) V Joint space narrowing or acetabular changes A. Mild B. Moderate C. Severe VI Advanced degenerative changes on radiographs Modified from Steinberg ME, Steinberg DR. Classification systems for osteonecrosis: an overview. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004;35(3):273-283. The ARCO

cell count. (Modified from Shohat N, Bauer T, Buttaro M, et al. Hip and knee section, what is the definition of a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee and the hip? Can the same criteria be used for both joints? Proceedings of international consensus

cells, and an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen, noncollagenous proteins, proteoglycans, and water. Hyaline cartilage ECM contains low densities of type II collagen fibers and an abundance of the proteoglycan, aggrecan, composing the ground substance. Water molecules embedded in the collagen matrix give

extension to check for tightness of the soft tissues, the position of sleep or “fetal position” (operative leg overlapping the nonoperative leg with the hip slightly flexed), and assessing the degree of internal rotation prior to dislocation with the knee at 45 and then 90 degrees of flexion

surfaces of the femur and tibia are visible at the knee. The joint space is maintained. Surrounding bone density looks uniform, with no visible fractures or deformities. Part B provides a side view or lateral view of the same area. The femur and tibia are seen in profile

cells, LE, leukocyte esterase.aNew criteria from the previous iteration.bRemoval of criteria from the previous iteration (data from Refs. 13-18.) • Fig. 14.1 Bony landmarks and insertions for ligaments and tendons for the anterior (A), medial (B), lateral (C), and posterior (D) knee. • Fig. 14.2 Quadriceps

projected prevalence of 78 million people in the United States by 2040.1 It is particularly important to understand the best strategies for nonoperative management of OA in female patients, because they make up 62% of individuals with this condition.1 In this chapter, we will discuss common nonoperative treatments

cells and neutrophils in the aspirate secondary to the traumatic hematoma present.22 Radiographic exam Plain radiographs are the first-line imaging modality for suspected periprosthetic fractures about the hip.23 They are very convenient, inexpensive, readily available in most clinics and Page 287hospitals, and have quick