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variations in anatomy and biomechanics between males and females. These sex-specific changes underlie a predisposition to develop different musculoskeletal diseases. Females are two to eight times more likely to sustain ACL injuries and two to three times more likely to develop OA. Furthermore, anatomic

anatomic variations exist. However, using standard implants with different sizing options to account for anatomic variants appears to be a valid

anatomic variation, and decreased bone density.58 Patient ability to comply with postoperative hip precautions is also an important preoperative consideration

anatomic variations, muscular deficiencies or tightness of external structures can disrupt normal biomechanics. Soft tissue structures like the medial PF ligament

anatomical site of disease, the most common sites of OA—the knees, hips, and hands—are also those the best studied and the subject of much of the epidemiologic data to follow. The ability to identify risk factors at the individual level helps to comprehensively provide arthritis care

anatomical axis. This line makes an angle of 90 degrees with the mechanical tibial axis. The second scan shows the lateral view of the knee joint with a line drawn at the center of the medullary canal of the femur, the patella and proximal end of the tibia are shown

variation in the pelvis and proximal femur. A principal component analysis study demonstrated that females are relatively smaller in the hip and SI joints, the vertical diameter of the innominate bone (Fig. 23.1), and the height of the iliac wing. Female pelves are also associated with a relatively larger pelvic