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anesthesia and present the advantages and indications for each. Chronic opioid use Chronic pain has increased in prevalence, affecting more than 25% of US citizens.7,8 There is a concern that painful surgical procedures such as TKA may be both a trigger and a pathway to chronic opioid

Acupuncture, for autoimmune disorders, 34 Adipokines, osteoarthritis and, 71–72, 72t Adiponectin, osteoarthritis and, 71, 72t Affordable Care Act (ACA), 300–301 Alcohol use, ONFH, 212 American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS), 216 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) score, for autoimmune disorders, 27 Androgen receptors

anesthesia team, should communicate and work together to ensure that the patient is fully prepared for the procedure. This preparation should begin several weeks in advance to ensure that all necessary clinicians are involved and that antirheumatic medications can be adjusted accordingly. Although many patients presenting for surgical evaluation