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structures, while the surrounding subcutaneous fat is brighter in tone. The bone cortex of the tibia and fibula is sharply outlined, and the medullary cavity of the bone is darker. The second scan, labeled B, is a T 2-weighted image or a fat-saturated sequence. This scan emphasizes

components of human articular tissue including chondrocytes, subchondral osteoblasts, synovial lining cells, ligaments, and lining

component revision has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Thus the surgeon performing revision THA may consider the previously used approach as well as the exposure necessary for the revision during preoperative planning. Page 272Infection Workup and diagnosis PJI remains a leading cause of failure in THA, with

component. The tibial tubercle osteotomy was repaired using 18-gauge wire. Infection workup and diagnosis Infection after TKA exists on a spectrum ranging from mild surgical site cellulitis to overt PJI.16 Any painful TKA should be considered infected until proven otherwise, given the increased risk for morbidity

cells, LE, leukocyte esterase.aNew criteria from the previous iteration.bRemoval of criteria from the previous iteration (data from Refs. 13-18.) • Fig. 14.1 Bony landmarks and insertions for ligaments and tendons for the anterior (A), medial (B), lateral (C), and posterior (D) knee. • Fig. 14.2 Quadriceps muscles

component. Intraoperative imaging Page 217can be useful during bone preparation to avoid femoral perforation and fracture. Finally, because many patients with ONFH are younger (especially those with sickle cell

components of the PF joint, the histological features of the PF cartilage are influential in the development of pathologies in the PF joint. Healthy hyaline cartilage in the PF joint facilitates the smooth, low-friction glide of the patella over the femur. The composition and structure

components has been suggested, as well as postoperative immobilization with external bracing or hip spica casting.59 However, low dislocation rates have been reported in case series of patients receiving constrained acetabular liners and no postoperative immobilization.58 The decision on level of constraint should be based both

cell count, differential, and culture, which should be held for at least 14 days to identify more indolent organisms. If infection is present, it is imperative to collaborate with the infectious disease team regarding appropriate postoperative antibiotic treatment. Preoperative aspiration is not indicated in cases where

components compared with cemented components.66 Female sex has been suggested as a risk factor for periprosthetic fracture; this is likely due to higher rates of osteoporosis in elderly female patients since similar sex distributions have been reported for periprosthetic fracture in younger age groups.67 Optimizing bone health