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arm in comparison with the continued alendronate group during the 5 years of the study. At the end of the 5 years, 50%–75% of the BMD gains during the initial treatment period were lost in those who discontinued alendronate.47 Among those who continued alendronate compared with

arm and is used for access. Each catheter type is labeled clearly, and the diagram uses simple lines and shapes to show anatomical placement without detailed anatomical features. The spatial layout moves from left to right: implanted catheter, tunneled catheter, and PICC. Box 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

injury risks, this may be a factor to consider when planning THA in a female patient. Surgical incision cosmesis, although not a consideration isolated to female sex but often societally emphasized for females, is another consideration when selecting a surgical approach.102 As approaches continue

injury, GJH may lead to accelerated osteoarthritis secondary to altered joint mechanics with repetitive microtrauma and microinstability events.11,21,22 This is more pronounced in individuals with syndromic causes of hypermobility due to associated deformity and with patients presenting with advanced arthritis at younger

injuries place females at greater risk for progressive degenerative changes of the knee. One study showed a larger percentage of tibial and patellar cartilage loss volume in females over time compared with males, which can further account for differences in outcomes.108 Considering unique female

injuries especially impact females, with up to 75% of geriatric hip fractures occurring in female patients.2-4 Although most of these fractures are successfully treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), complications such as posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA), malunion, nonunion, and hardware failure can occur.5

injury, specifically anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. This is in part a result of neuromuscular differences with decreased stiffness and increased ligamentous laxity, as well as anatomic differences in alignment, such as increased valgus and tibial slope, which alter biomechanics. Females develop osteoarthritis

injury. Bone anatomy and development The bony pelvic ring is composed of the two pelvic innominate bones, or hemipelves, joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly at the sacrum. The innominate bone is the culmination of three embryonic pelvic anlages—the ilium

Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score, Joint Replacement (KOOS, JR) and Short Form 12version 2 (SF12v2), are easy-to-use tools with validated threshold scores that can predict a meaningful improvement after TKA.11 A threshold between 51 and 58 on the KOOS-JR indicates

injury to the common peroneal division of sciatic nerve causing a foot drop. Finally, a short-legged gait—with the pelvis tilted downward and the shoulder upward on the shorter side—can indicate a leg length discrepancy (LLD). LLD—including both true