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body, but supplementation with HA extractions from bacterial fermentation or rooster comb serves to lubricate the joint surface and provide shock absorption, promote cell growth, and reduce inflammation around areas

surface area of the tibiofemoral articulation, distributing contact force and reducing the risk of injury throughout the arc of motion.1,12 The menisci enlarge and deepen the contact area between the femur and the tibia

surface that does experience bony on-growth. Curved flexible osteotomes, designed to work along the medial and lateral aspect of the stem, can facilitate separation of the bone-implant interface in these regions. With any stem type, a thin, high-speed side-cutting burr

body, posterior elements, and soft tissue outlines are visible. Panel B presents another axial section with an arrow marking a bright linear area extending from the spinal canal toward the left paraspinal region. The vertebra, dural sac, and surrounding musculature

body, posterior elements, and soft tissue outlines are visible. Panel B presents another axial section with an arrow marking a bright linear area extending from the spinal canal toward the left paraspinal region. The vertebra, dural sac, and surrounding musculature

body, posterior elements, and soft tissue outlines are visible. Panel B presents another axial section with an arrow marking a bright linear area extending from the spinal canal toward the left paraspinal region. The vertebra, dural sac, and surrounding musculature

surface contact area, the less contact stress per unit and less PE wear.4 Most rotating platform systems rotate around a central post, with most of the axial rotation occurring at the poly-bearing tibial tray as the PE bearing follows

surface, and a wider sciatic notch.6 These unique features allow for the female pelvis to accommodate a pregnancy and vaginal delivery. • Fig. 23.1Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis. In relation to the average male pelvic morphology the female pelvis has (A) a more circular

surfaces of the femur and tibia are visible at the knee. The joint space is maintained. Surrounding bone density looks uniform, with no visible fractures or deformities. Part B provides a side view or lateral view of the same area

surface and > 4 mm of depression) V Joint space narrowing or acetabular changes A. Mild B. Moderate C. Severe VI Advanced degenerative changes on radiographs Modified from Steinberg ME, Steinberg DR. Classification systems for osteonecrosis: an overview. Orthop Clin North